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In Life Quotes
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In Life Quotes

What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell is a 1944 science book written for the lay reader by physicist Erwin Schrödinger. The book was based on a course of public lectures delivered by Schrödinger in February 1943, under the auspices of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies at Trinity College, Dublin. The lectures attracted an audience of about 400, who were warned: "that the subject-matter was a difficult one and that the lectures could not be termed popular, even though the physicist’s most dreaded weapon, mathematical deduction, would hardly be utilized." Schrödinger's lecture focused on one important question: "how can the events in space and time which take place within the spatial boundary of a living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry?"

In the book, Schrödinger introduced the idea of an "aperiodic crystal" that contained genetic information in its configuration of covalent chemical bonds. In the 1950s, this idea stimulated enthusiasm for discovering the genetic molecule. Although the existence of DNA had been known since 1869, its role in reproduction and its helical shape were still unknown at the time of Schrödinger's lecture. In retrospect, Schrödinger's aperiodic crystal can be viewed as a well-reasoned theoretical prediction of what biologists should have been looking for during their search for genetic material. Both James D. Watson, researchers and independently, Francis Crick, co-discoverers of the structure of DNA, credited Schrödinger's book with presenting an early theoretical description of how the storage of genetic information would work, and each respectively acknowledged the book as a source of inspiration for the researchers.

Before adding in your quote introduce it with a signal

the phrase and a reporting verb (See the following page for

some examples).

Ex: Robin Lakoff argues that….

Quotation

After you have introduced your quote with a signal phrase or reporting verb add in your

quote! Ex: Robin Lakoff argues that “[c]ultural bias was built into the language we were

allowed to speak about, and the ways were spoken of” (152).

Introducing Quotations1

To guarantee that your reader clearly follows your writing, you should introduce your

quotes with a signal phrase, reporting verb, or both (as shown in the quote sandwich)

rather than simply plopping the quote down. If you add in a quote without any sort of

introduction, your reader may not understand how the quote connects to your paragraph,

even if it makes sense to you (think of it as similar to a random thought in a conversation).

Below are examples of signal phrases and reporting verbs that you can use to introduce

your quotes:

Signal Phrases

• According to…

• In her article…

• In the opinion of (author’s name)…

• (Author’s name) suggests that…

• (Author’s name) argues that…

• (Author’s name) + (a reporting verb

from the right)

Reporting Verbs

Acknowledges Adds Admits

Agrees Argues Asserts

Believes Claims Comments

Compares Confirms Declares

Denies Disputes Emphasizes

Endorses Grants Illustrates

Implies Insists Notes

Observes Points out Reasons

Refutes Rejects Reports

Response Suggests Thinks

Writes

For Example:

Dwight Bolinger notes that “in a society where women and farmers are regarded as

inferior, sex differences and occupational differences become class differences” (99).

Malcolm X writes, “I was so fascinated that I went on- I copied the dictionary’s next

page. And the same experience came when I studied that. With every succeeding page, I

also learned of people and places and events from history” (89).

Elizabeth Wong comments “The language was a source of embarrassment. More times

then not, I had tried to dissociate myself from the nagging, loud voice that followed me

wherever I wandered in the nearby American supermarket outside Chinatown” (291).

1 Adapted from Texts and Contexts

Punctuating Quotes

In addition to incorporating quotes with the quote sandwich, and introducing them

with signal phrases and reporting verbs, there are a few punctuation rules to keep

in mind.

The first time you reference an article (or other text) you need to give the name(s) of

the author(s), the title of the article, and the name of the magazine or book

(if you know it).

Introduce the Author

The first time you use a quote from an article, you need to use the author’s first and last

name. (The next time you use a quote from that author, only use the last name.)

How to Punctuate Titles

Put the names of articles, essays, poems, essays, and chapters in quotation marks:

“Talking Like a Lady”

“Dialect”

“Mother Tongue”

“Black Hair”

Underline or italicize the titles of books, movies, magazines, newspapers, periodicals, and

musical albums:

Our America Our America

San Francisco Chronicle San Francisco Chronicle

The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby

The Godfather The Godfather

The Quote Itself:

• Put quotation marks “ ” around the quote and use the author’s exact words

• After the quote put the page number in parentheses, and the period after the

parentheses.